If oracle gas is eating your margins, these designs cost the least to run on-chain.
Two things drive oracle cost: how an update is verified on-chain, and whether you pay on a schedule (push) or only when you read (pull).
The gas-cost leader: Scribe uses Schnorr signature aggregation, reportedly ~63% cheaper than a comparable Chainlink feed on Ethereum — and it stays cheap as the validator set grows.
Pull means you pay gas only when your contract reads a price, not on every heartbeat.
Modular pull delivery keeps costs down while still offering push where you need it.
For pure push feeds, Chronicle is cheapest to maintain. For read-on-demand apps, any pull oracle (Pyth, RedStone, Switchboard) avoids paying for updates you never use.